Plate VII.

Index librorum: the cited literature

Twenty primary sources — peer-reviewed publications, the U.S. FDA label, and pooled-analysis reviews — under whose authority the rest of the site is written.

How this index is composed

The references catalogued below are the primary publications and the U.S. FDA label that the rest of the site cites. Each entry lists author, title, journal, year, and digital object identifier where available, with a link to the canonical PubMed, PubMed Central, publisher, or FDA-hosted location of the source. Where a finding is reported in more than one publication, the index lists the primary source — the original Phase 3 trial report rather than a downstream review or commentary. The exception is the narrative pharmacological review [17], which is cited where pooled efficacy figures across SURPASS 1 through 5 are reported.

No claim on this site is sourced to a non-primary or secondary commentary. No claim is sourced to a press release. Numerical figures cited inline — half-lives, HbA1c reductions, weight reductions, AHI reductions, MACE event rates — are taken from the figures reported in the cited primary publications. Where the figure was reported across a range of doses (5, 10, 15 mg), the full range is reproduced rather than a single arm cherry-picked for emphasis.

Index librorum

The numbered list follows. Each citation is provided in full form below, with a hanging mono DOI and a link to the canonical source.

Provenance and editorial reach

Sources are drawn from the New England Journal of Medicine (eight entries), The Lancet (one entry), JAMA (one entry), Diabetes Care (one entry), Diabetes Therapy (one entry), Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (three entries), Molecular Metabolism (one entry), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (one entry), JCI Insight (one entry), CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (one entry), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (one entry, the approved label). A single real-world retrospective cohort archived through PubMed Central completes the index. Phase 3 randomized controlled trials are weighted most heavily across the site; mechanism and pharmacokinetics are sourced to the corresponding peer-reviewed publications.

The site claims no other affiliations. No editorial relationship with any pharmaceutical manufacturer, telehealth platform, or clinic underwrites this index — and none is permitted under the Phase 1 editorial standards of the publisher.

  1. Schneck KB, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024.
  2. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020.
  3. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022.
  4. Coskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Molecular Metabolism. 2018.
  5. Urva S, Coskun T, Loghin C, et al. The novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020.
  6. Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021.
  7. Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021.
  8. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2022.
  9. Look M, Dunn JP, Kushner RF, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025.
  10. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024.
  11. Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025.
  12. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2024.
  13. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (SUMMIT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025.
  14. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis (SYNERGY-NASH). New England Journal of Medicine. 2024.
  15. Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, et al. Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (SURPASS-CVOT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025.
  16. Heerspink HJL, Sattar N, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide Associated With Reduced Albuminuria in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Post Hoc Analysis From the Randomized Active- and Placebo-Controlled SURPASS-1–5 Clinical Trials. Diabetes Care. 2025.
  17. De Block CEM, et al. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Tirzepatide: A Narrative Review. Diabetes Therapy. 2025.
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label). 2024.
  19. Vilsbøll T, Bain SC, Pavo I, et al. HbA1c reduction with tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes: The contribution of weight loss assessed by a mediation analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025.
  20. Multi-institutional collaboration. Comparative Efficacy of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide on Liver and Cardiovascular Related Outcomes in Patients with MASLD/MASH, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Cohort Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology / PMC archive. 2025.
  21. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025.
  22. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026.
  23. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023.
  24. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025.
  25. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024.
  26. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026.
  27. Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026.
  28. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025.
  29. Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023.